Ressenyes

Index de les obres ressenyades: V. BERDOULAY, La formation de l'école française de géographie (1870-1914

La recerca lingüística en la TA

La recerca lingüística pot contribuir molt al desenvolupament de la Traducció Automàtica, i al problema fonamental de les divergències en la traducció, amb observacions de fenòmens, amb tècniques i teories que la recerca en TA pot adoptar i combinar amb mètodes estadístics d'anàlisi de corpus.La investigación lingüística puede contribuir mucho al desarrollo de la Traducción Automática, y al problema fundamental de las divergencias en la traducción, con observaciones de fenómenos, con técnicas y teorías que la investigación en TA puede aportar y combinar con métodos estadísticos de análisis de corpus.Linguistic research has a great deal to contribute to the development of machine translation, as well as to the fundamental problem of discrepancies in translation, in the form of observations regarding phenomena, and of techniques and theories which research into MT can adopt and combine with statistical methods for the analysis of corpora

Contextualització i anàlisi de les eleccions del 18 de novembre de 1990 a la R.S. de Bòsnia i Hercegovina

Descripció del recurs: el 30-11-2009La tesi que aquí es presenta és una anàlisi tant del context històric on es desenvoluparen les eleccions de 1990 a Bòsnia i Hercegovina, com dels resultats que en sortiren, basada sobretot en fonts locals, tant primàries com secundàries. També conté una forta base documental inèdita de material primari i secundari traduïda del serbo-croato-bosni. Les eleccions del 18 de novembre de 1990 representen la fi d'un llarg procés històric que començà amb l'acabament de la 2a Guerra Mundial i la instauració del regim titoista el 1945 per mitjà d'eleccions generals. Al llarg de tot aquest període hi ha un intent, per part del partit únic de la Lliga dels Comunistes Iugoslaus (SKJ), de desenvolupar un projecte d'estat federal iugoslau basat en el lema "fraternitat i unitat" (bratsvo i jedinstvo) que reunís tots els pobles que l'integraven. L'última constitució (1974) comportà una descentralització, tant econòmica com política, ratllant la confederació. El 1980 mor el mariscal Josip Broz, Tito. La crisi econòmica que ja s'arrossegava, surt a la llum i s'agreuja al llarg de la dècada dels anys vuitanta, repercutint en la política i portant a un enfrontament entre el sector continuista que volia portar la constitució a la confederació (Eslovènia) i el sector reformista que volia un canvi constitucional vers un model centralista (Sèrbia). Així s'arriba al XIV Congrés Extraordinari de la SKJ en un últim intent per solucionar la situació, però el seu fracàs i suspensió sine die, va comportar l'obertura d'un seguit de reformes constitucionals a cada república iugoslava, per a la posta en marxa de processos electorals lliures i multipartidistes. A Bòsnia i Hercegovina va ser més complicat que a la resta donada la seva composició multinacional. El juliol s'acordà la data electoral per al 18 de novembre. S'escolliria una presidència col·lectiva de 7 membres, un parlament bicameral, el parlament de la ciutat de Sarajevo i els 109 parlaments d'optina (comarca). Els resultats que s'obtingueren tots foren favorables, per àmplia majoria, als tres partits nacionalistes representants de les tres nacionalitats majoritàries a la república: SDA (musulmans), SDS (serbis) i HDZ (croates). Aquests no eren els previstos per les enquestes. Una anàlisi detallada demostra que diferents factors influïren en la intenció de vot, en especial tres: la composició nacional de cada població, una política postitoista dirigida a afeblir la sòlida cúpula de la SKJ de Bòsnia i que es concretà en una sèrie d'afers que acabaren en processos judicials, i la desfeta i fragmentació de la SKJ en com a mínim quatre partits (SK-SDP, SRSJ, SSO i DSS). Però a més són el fruit d'una concatenació cronològica de fets que començaren el 1945: la creació de la República Socialista de Bòsnia, però alhora la negació d'un poble bosnià, el fracàs del iugoslavisme que no arrelà en el poble com a identitat; la combinació de la crisi econòmica i la crisi política causada pels afers i que comportà un canvi de líders en els moments més difícils; i per últim les eleccions multipartidistes que obriren, si més no en la teoria, noves perspectives. S'ha d'afegir, a més, el marc mundial fruit de la caiguda del mur de Berlín i la desfeta dels règims comunistes. Les conseqüències no es van fer esperar, la coalició nacionalista fracassà en poc més d'un any. Així les eleccions obriren la porta a la guerra i no pas a la democràcia.This thesis is an analysis of the historic context in which the elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 1990 year, were done and, at the same time the analysis of it results. It's important to know that the principal primary and secondary sources come from former Yugoslavia. Also this study contains a big date base of originals documents, which a lot of them are unpublished, and translated from the Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian language to the Catalan. The 18th November elections represent the end of a long historic process which began at the end of the 2nd world war and the constitution the titoista regime in 1945 through general elections. At large of this period there is a purpose from the party, League of Yugoslavs Communists (SKJ), to develop a Yugoslavian federal state project which was based on the slogan "brotherhood and unity" (bratsvo i jedinstvo) in the idea to gather all the nations who composed Yugoslavia. The last constitution (1974) implicated a decentralisation as economic as political and this situation was very similar than a confederation. In 1980 the marshal Josip Broz, Tito, died. The economic crisis was public thing and aggravated in the next ten years, in the 80's, and at last it reverberated on the policy This situation confronted the continuist sector (Slovenia) against the reformist sector (Serbia). The first would like the total confederation and the second would like the change to the centralist system. In January 1990 took a place the 14th Extraordinary Congress of the SKJ. It was the last try to find a solution but it failure and adjournment sine die opened the possibility to the republics to do reforms in theirs constitutions and to start a free and multiparty electoral process. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it was more complicated than the rest because this republic was multiethnic. In July the Bosnian parliament agreed the date of 18th November how an elections day. At the same day Bosnian people elected the seven members of the collective presidency, the two chambers of the Parliament, the Sarajevo's City Parliament and the 109 Optina's Parliaments. All the results were favourable, and for a long majority, to the nationalist parties who represented the three constitutional nationalities in the republic: SDA (Muslims), SDS (Serbs) and HDZ (Croats). But before the elections the opinion-poll didn't anticipate this victory. The detailed analyse demonstrate that different factors influenced in the electorate, in special three of them: the national composition of every city or village; a postitoist policy who try to weaken the Bosnian political cupola of the SKJ, and created some judicial cases ("afers"); and, at last, the fragmentation of the SKJ in four or more parties. (SK-SDP, SRSJ, SSO i DSS). But these results are anything more. They are the chronological linking of events who started in 1945 year: the birth of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia but at the same time the denial of the Bosnian people; the yugoslavism's failure who never rooted in the people's mentality how a identity; the combination of the economic and political crisis created by the "afers" and they brought about political leaders change in the more difficult moment; and at the end the multiparty elections who opened, in theory, new perspectives. It's necessary to add the world's situation after the Berlin's wall failed and with it the communist regimes in Europe. The consequences of the elections became at few time. The nationalist coalition of the three parties was dissolved in less a year And in April 1992 the elections opened doors for a war not for a democracy

Lucien Febvre : Un mestratge sense hereus? : reflexions entorn les vinculacions d'història i geografia

La science historique a observé un oubli générique envers la géographie. La géographie a toujours été considerée le parent pauvre des sciences sociales. Dans ce sens, l'auteur revendique un plus grand rapprochement et de l'estime mutuelle. Comme exemple de tentative échouée dans ce domaine, est abordée la lecture d'un auteur classique dans les programmes de méthodologie historique et de reflexion géographique: Lucien Febvre (1878-1956). Lucien Febvre a bu directement, dans sa jeunesse, à la source de l'école possibiliste de Vidal de la Blache (à laquelle il donna son nom). Des principes vidaliens ("genre vie", "milieu") il en fit un synthèse particulière qu'il appliqua à son propre domaine: l'histoire. De cette tribune il continuait à clamer pour une élaboration méthodologique propre à la géographie (fait qui lui occasionna des nombreuses critiques de la part de ses "confrères, géographes) et ceci jusqu'à la création, avec Marc Bloch, des Annules en 1929, auxquels il se consacra dès lors. Probablement à cause de celà, les recherches en Géographie Humaine ont méprisé ou oublié l'apport de Lucien Febvre à la Géographie, en particulier son oeuvre La Terre et l'evolution humaine (1922) et d'autres articles contemporains. Ainsi donc, l'article postule une lecture géographique de Lucien Febvre, affirmant, en conclusion, la viabilité de sa tentative reformatrice qui devrait, tout de même, s'adapter aux nécessités méthodologiques actuelles des deux sciences.History has traditionally maintained an attitude of generic disregard for geography, whilst geography, on the other hand, has always been looked upon as the "poor relation" of the social sciences. On this basis, the author calls for a closer relationship and mutual respea between the two disciplines. As an example of an early but fruitless attempt towards this end, the author quotes and interprets the contribution of Lucien Febvre (1878-1956), a "classical", author in the programmes of historical methodology and the history of geographical thought. In his youth, Lucien Febvre acquired direct experience of Vidal de la Blache's French Possibilist school. From his Vidalian beginnings (genre de vie,milieu) Febvre formulated his own synthesis, and applied it to his own field of interest-history. And from that platform, he continuously pleaded for the development of a methodology designed exclusively for geography, a fact which brought him numerous criticisms from geographer companions, until, together with Marc Bloch, he finally founded Annuales in 1929, and to which he dedicated his attention thereafter. It is probably for that reason that human geography scholars have underestimated or disregarded Febvre's contribution to geography, a contribution which can be observed in his work La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922) and in other coetaneous articles. This article, therefore, proposes a "geographical reading", of Febvre, and acclaims the viability of his attempts at reform, provided adaptations are incorporated in order to satisfy the present methodological requisites of both disciplines.La ciencia histórica ha tenido un olvido genérico hacia la geografía. Además, la geografía ha sido considerada desde siempre como la "hermana pobre" de las ciencias sociales. Así pues, el autor reclama una mayor aproximación y consideración entre arnbas ciencias. Como ejernplo de un intento fracasado en esta línea se aborda la lectura de un "clásico", tanto en los programas de metodología histórica como en los de pensamiento geográfico: Lucien Febvre (1878-1956). En su juventud estuvo expuesto directamente a las enseñanzas de la escuela posibilista francesa de Vidal de la Blache y elaboró una síntesis particular de los principios vidalianos (genre de vie, milieu), aplicándolos a su propio campo de especialización: la historia. Desde esa tribuna seguiría abogando en favor de la consecución de una metodologia propia para la geografía, hecho que le ocasionó algunas críticas de sus "compañeros" geógrafos. Pero en 1929 fundó con Marc Bloch los Annales, tarea a la que se dedicó a partir de entonces. Probablemente por ello los estudiosos de la geografía humana han menospreciado u olvidado la aportación de Febvre a la geografía, aportación que se puede estubar en su obra La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922) y en otros artículos conternporáneos. Así pues, este artículo postula una "lectura geográfica" de Febvre y llega a la conclusión de que su intento reformador era viable, aunque se debería adaptar a las necesidades metodológicas actuales de ambas ciencias

Game-based learning: using business simulators in the university classroom [Aprender jugando: la utilización de simuladores empresariales en el aula universitaria]

In recent years, technological advances have paved the way for advances in education through the deployment of innovative teaching tools designed to improve the learning experience. Such active, experiential teaching/learning tools include business simulation games which aim to boost motivation, autonomous learning and learner-centered control of the learning process. The present study provides an analysis of the implantation of a college-level course designed around a business simulation game-with a special focus on the learning process as experienced by the learners themselves. To this end, the paper seeks to identify those factors which have a positive impact on the learning experience and contribute to learner satisfaction. More specifically, learner personality traits and attitude, the role emotions may play, facilitative learning conditions and learners'' intention to use business simulation games again in the future are analyzed. Our findings demonstrate that support from teachers, a high degree of learner motivation and perceived fun will have a particularly positive impact on the opinion learners hold of this innovative teaching/learning tool. Los avances tecnológicos han permitido que la educación también evolucione introduciendo herramientas pedagógicas innovadoras que mejoran la experiencia de aprendizaje para los individuos. Una de estas herramientas para el aprendizaje activo y experiencial es el uso de juegos de simulación empresarial. Estas nuevas herramientas pedagógicas permiten mejorar la motivación, autonomía y control del estudiante en su proceso de aprendizaje. Este estudio pretende analizar el éxito en la implantación de una asignatura basada en un juego de simulación empresarial mediante el estudio de la experiencia de aprendizaje del estudiante a través de dicho juego. Para ello, el trabajo persigue identificar aquellos factores que pueden contribuir a que dicha experiencia de aprendizaje sea satisfactoria para los alumnos. En concreto, se analiza el papel que pueden jugar las emociones, la personalidad del individuo, las condiciones facilitadoras, la actitud y la intención futura de uso del juego de simulación empresarial. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el apoyo recibido por parte del profesorado, la diversión del estudiante y un alto nivel de entusiasmo experimentado con el juego de simulación contribuirán de forma especialmente positiva a la opinión de los estudiantes sobre esta herramienta pedagógica innovadora

Understanding online business simulation games: the role of flow experience, perceived enjoyment and personal innovativeness

This study aimed to empirically predict the degree of acceptance of an online business simulation game in an educational context. To do so, this study proposed an extended technology acceptance model that includes variables such as perceived enjoyment and flow. In addition, the moderating role of students'' personal imiovativeness in the technology field was analysed. The framework was empirically tested applying partial least squares to a sample of 266 students. Results reveal that perceived enjoyment is a key variable in explaining students'' perceived ease of use, usefulness and attitudes towards the simulation. Perceived ease of use is not significantly related to flow experience. However, this relationship is moderated by personal innovativeness. Indeed, results indicate that the higher the students'' personal innovativeness, the more attenuated the effect of perceived ease of use on the attitude towards the game and on flow experience. The study offers relevant insights for the pedagogical use of competitive digital technologies in university contexts

Recasting the Customer Experience in Today's Omni-channel Environment

Omni-channel marketing refers to the synergetic management of the available channels and customer touchpoints to enhance the customer experience and improve performance. It has become a cornerstone of marketing strategy but putting it into practice is still one of the major challenges that firms face today. In this study, we aim to understand how firms can manage all touchpoints across all channels in an integrated manner to provide a superior customer experience and gain competitive edge. To do so, we identify a number of key issues that firms must consider before they can embrace the changes that their organizations need to recast the customer experience and obtain superior performance. These include adopting a customercentric approach, unifying all touchpoints across all channels, delivering personalized customer experiences, integrating the available channels, delight customers across channels, redefining the role of the physical store and embracing mobile marketing. El marketing omnicanal se refiere a la gestión sinérgica de los canales disponibles y de los puntos de contacto con los clientes para mejorar la experiencia del cliente y mejorar el rendimiento. Se ha convertido en una piedra angular de la estrategia de marketing, pero su puesta en práctica sigue siendo uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrentan las empresas hoy en día. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo es entender cómo las empresas pueden gestionar todos los puntos de contacto en todos los canales de una manera integrada para proporcionar una experiencia superior al cliente y aumentar la ventaja competitiva. Para ello, se identifican una serie de cuestiones clave que las empresas deben tener en cuenta antes de que puedan adoptar los cambios que sus organizaciones necesitan para redefinir la experiencia del cliente y obtener un rendimiento superior. Estos incluyen la adopción de un enfoque centrado en el cliente, la unificación de todos los puntos de contacto en todos los canales, la prestación personalizada de experiencias al cliente, la integración de los canales disponibles, el deleite a los clientes en todos los canales, la redefinición del papel de la tienda física y la apuesta por el marketing móvil

T-cell and NK-cell infiltration into solid tumors: a key limiting factor for efficacious cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy has great promise, but is limited by diverse mechanisms used by tumors to prevent sustained antitumor immune responses. Tumors disrupt antigen presentation, T/NK-cell activation, and T/NK-cell homing through soluble and cell-surface mediators, the vasculature, and immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. However, many molecular mechanisms preventing the efficacy of antitumor immunity have been identified and can be disrupted by combination immunotherapy. Here, we examine immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by tumors and provide insights into the therapies under development to overcome them, focusing on lymphocyte traffic

Customer equity drivers, customer experience quality, and customer profitability in banking services: the moderating role of social influence

Financial service organizations are increasingly interested in ways to improve the service experience quality for customers, while customers progressively perceive the commoditization of banking services. This is no easy task, as factors outside the control of the service firm can influence customers’ perceptions of their experience. This study builds on the customer equity framework to understand the linkages between what the firm does (customer equity drivers: value equity, brand equity, and relationship equity), the social environment (social influence), the customer experience quality, and its ultimate impact on profitability. Using perceptual and transactional data for a sample of customers of financial services, we demonstrate the central role played by factors under the control of the firm (value, brand, and relationship equity) and those outside its control (social influence) in shaping customers’ perceptions of the quality of their experience. We offer new insights into the moderating role of social influence in the linkages between the customer equity drivers and the customer experience quality. The managerial takeaway is that the impact of customer equity drivers on the customer experience quality is contingent on the influence exerted by other people and that enhancing customer experience quality can be a way to increase monetary returns